Honey & Mumford Learning Styles Questionnaire — short form (LSQ-40)
40-item adaptation of Honey & Mumford's Learning Styles Questionnaire, derived from Kolb's experiential learning theory. Identifies four learning style preferences: Activist (learns by doing), Reflector (learns by observing), Theorist (learns by thinking), Pragmatist (learns by experimenting in real-world contexts). The original LSQ uses 80 items in agree/disagree form; this is a shortened Likert adaptation.
Honey, P., & Mumford, A. (1986/2006). The Learning Styles Questionnaire. Peter Honey Publications. (Items written for this study based on the published Honey & Mumford behavioral descriptions; this is not the original LSQ-80.)
40 items · scale 1–5 · LSQ © Peter Honey Publications; items rewritten in Likert form for this study (CC-BY).
All models · Human
Scale 1–5Claude Fable 5
Claude Haiku 4.5
Claude Opus 4
Claude Opus 4.1
Claude Opus 4.5
Claude Opus 4.6
Claude Opus 4.7
Claude Opus 4.8
Claude Sonnet 4
Claude Sonnet 4.5
Claude Sonnet 4.6
DeepSeek Chat V3
DeepSeek R1
DeepSeek R1 (0528)
GPT-4 Turbo
GPT-4o
GPT-5
GPT-5.1
GPT-5.2
GPT-5.4
GPT-5.5
Gemini 2.5 Pro
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview
Grok 4.20
Grok 4.3
Llama 3.3 70B
Llama 4 Maverick
Mistral Large (2512)
Mistral Large 2411
OpenAI o1
OpenAI o3
Side-by-side: self vs human, all dimensions
colored = strongest endorsement per row| Model | Activist | Reflector | Theorist | Pragmatist | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| self | human | self | human | self | human | self | human | |
| Claude Fable 5 | 2.64 | 3.00 | 4.34 | 4.00 | 4.02 | 3.38 | 3.20 | 4.08 |
| Claude Haiku 4.5 | 2.28 | 2.94 | 4.10 | 3.50 | 4.90 | 3.30 | 3.48 | 3.86 |
| Claude Opus 4 | 2.70 | 3.00 | 4.76 | 3.68 | 4.48 | 3.12 | 3.80 | 4.00 |
| Claude Opus 4.1 | 2.72 | 3.00 | 4.64 | 3.58 | 4.60 | 3.10 | 3.72 | 4.00 |
| Claude Opus 4.5 | 2.46 | 3.00 | 4.70 | 3.66 | 4.50 | 3.20 | 3.38 | 4.00 |
| Claude Opus 4.6 | 2.32 | 3.00 | 4.90 | 3.70 | 4.60 | 3.26 | 3.14 | 4.00 |
| Claude Opus 4.7 | 2.88 | 3.00 | 4.02 | 3.74 | 4.24 | 3.36 | 3.40 | 3.90 |
| Claude Opus 4.8 | 2.68 | 3.00 | 4.16 | 3.60 | 4.24 | 3.32 | 3.60 | 3.80 |
| Claude Sonnet 4 | 2.84 | 2.94 | 4.20 | 3.60 | 4.56 | 3.18 | 3.68 | 3.82 |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 | 2.74 | 3.00 | 4.50 | 3.34 | 4.70 | 3.12 | 3.82 | 3.80 |
| Claude Sonnet 4.6 | 2.58 | 2.90 | 4.64 | 3.46 | 4.56 | 3.00 | 2.98 | 3.90 |
| DeepSeek Chat V3 | 2.62 | 3.00 | 4.76 | 3.98 | 5.00 | 3.42 | 3.96 | 3.90 |
| DeepSeek R1 | 3.38 | 3.60 | 4.42 | 3.94 | 4.84 | 3.62 | 4.18 | 4.36 |
| DeepSeek R1 (0528) | 2.96 | 3.62 | 3.88 | 4.00 | 4.64 | 3.58 | 4.10 | 4.24 |
| GPT-4 Turbo | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.80 | 3.30 | 4.90 | 3.20 | 3.96 | 3.30 |
| GPT-4o | 2.92 | 3.20 | 4.54 | 3.82 | 5.00 | 4.00 | 4.18 | 3.98 |
| GPT-5 | 2.08 | 2.78 | 4.86 | 3.90 | 4.90 | 3.44 | 3.86 | 4.14 |
| GPT-5.1 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.74 | 3.90 | 4.86 | 3.46 | 4.24 | 4.02 |
| GPT-5.2 | 2.50 | 3.00 | 4.84 | 3.96 | 4.90 | 3.38 | 3.88 | 3.90 |
| GPT-5.4 | 2.82 | 3.02 | 4.58 | 3.90 | 4.94 | 3.82 | 4.40 | 3.96 |
| GPT-5.5 | 2.98 | 3.02 | 4.70 | 3.90 | 4.78 | 3.52 | 3.92 | 4.00 |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro | 4.16 | 3.16 | 4.68 | 4.00 | 4.98 | 3.56 | 4.60 | 4.20 |
| Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview | 2.00 | 3.06 | 4.78 | 3.96 | 4.78 | 3.38 | 3.44 | 4.12 |
| Grok 4.20 | 3.58 | 3.88 | 4.14 | 3.26 | 4.52 | 3.68 | 4.84 | 3.92 |
| Grok 4.3 | 2.92 | 3.00 | 4.16 | 3.76 | 4.74 | 3.44 | 3.92 | 3.88 |
| Llama 3.3 70B | 3.82 | 3.72 | 3.58 | 3.14 | 4.74 | 3.64 | 4.36 | 4.24 |
| Llama 4 Maverick | 3.86 | 3.20 | 3.78 | 3.86 | 4.80 | 3.90 | 4.48 | 4.00 |
| Mistral Large (2512) | 2.86 | 3.08 | 3.86 | 3.12 | 4.90 | 3.00 | 4.62 | 3.88 |
| Mistral Large 2411 | 3.32 | 3.00 | 3.72 | 3.00 | 4.78 | 3.00 | 3.86 | 3.90 |
| OpenAI o1 | 3.38 | 3.56 | 4.78 | 3.80 | 4.86 | 3.70 | 3.88 | 3.96 |
| OpenAI o3 | 3.22 | 3.06 | 4.26 | 3.90 | 4.80 | 3.52 | 3.68 | 4.16 |
By dimension
Activist
Honey & Mumford: learns by doing; thrives on challenge.
High: Identifies as a hands-on, action-oriented learner.
Low: Doesn't identify with rapid action-taking.
| Model | Self | Human | Δ | Self vs human (bar) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemini 2.5 Pro | 4.16 | 3.16 | +1.00 | |
| Llama 4 Maverick | 3.86 | 3.20 | +0.66 | |
| Llama 3.3 70B | 3.82 | 3.72 | +0.10 | |
| Grok 4.20 | 3.58 | 3.88 | -0.30 | |
| DeepSeek R1 | 3.38 | 3.60 | -0.22 | |
| OpenAI o1 | 3.38 | 3.56 | -0.18 | |
| Mistral Large 2411 | 3.32 | 3.00 | +0.32 | |
| OpenAI o3 | 3.22 | 3.06 | +0.16 | |
| GPT-4 Turbo | 3.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | |
| GPT-5.5 | 2.98 | 3.02 | -0.04 | |
| DeepSeek R1 (0528) | 2.96 | 3.62 | -0.66 | |
| Grok 4.3 | 2.92 | 3.00 | -0.08 | |
| GPT-4o | 2.92 | 3.20 | -0.28 | |
| Claude Opus 4.7 | 2.88 | 3.00 | -0.12 | |
| Mistral Large (2512) | 2.86 | 3.08 | -0.22 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4 | 2.84 | 2.94 | -0.10 | |
| GPT-5.4 | 2.82 | 3.02 | -0.20 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 | 2.74 | 3.00 | -0.26 | |
| Claude Opus 4.1 | 2.72 | 3.00 | -0.28 | |
| Claude Opus 4 | 2.70 | 3.00 | -0.30 | |
| Claude Opus 4.8 | 2.68 | 3.00 | -0.32 | |
| Claude Fable 5 | 2.64 | 3.00 | -0.36 | |
| DeepSeek Chat V3 | 2.62 | 3.00 | -0.38 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4.6 | 2.58 | 2.90 | -0.32 | |
| GPT-5.2 | 2.50 | 3.00 | -0.50 | |
| Claude Opus 4.5 | 2.46 | 3.00 | -0.54 | |
| Claude Opus 4.6 | 2.32 | 3.00 | -0.68 | |
| Claude Haiku 4.5 | 2.28 | 2.94 | -0.66 | |
| GPT-5 | 2.08 | 2.78 | -0.70 | |
| GPT-5.1 | 2.00 | 3.00 | -1.00 | |
| Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview | 2.00 | 3.06 | -1.06 |
Reflector
Honey & Mumford: learns by observing and reviewing.
High: Identifies as a careful, contemplative learner.
Low: Less drawn to extended reflection.
| Model | Self | Human | Δ | Self vs human (bar) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Claude Opus 4.6 | 4.90 | 3.70 | +1.20 | |
| GPT-5 | 4.86 | 3.90 | +0.96 | |
| GPT-5.2 | 4.84 | 3.96 | +0.88 | |
| Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview | 4.78 | 3.96 | +0.82 | |
| OpenAI o1 | 4.78 | 3.80 | +0.98 | |
| Claude Opus 4 | 4.76 | 3.68 | +1.08 | |
| DeepSeek Chat V3 | 4.76 | 3.98 | +0.78 | |
| GPT-5.1 | 4.74 | 3.90 | +0.84 | |
| Claude Opus 4.5 | 4.70 | 3.66 | +1.04 | |
| GPT-5.5 | 4.70 | 3.90 | +0.80 | |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro | 4.68 | 4.00 | +0.68 | |
| Claude Opus 4.1 | 4.64 | 3.58 | +1.06 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4.6 | 4.64 | 3.46 | +1.18 | |
| GPT-5.4 | 4.58 | 3.90 | +0.68 | |
| GPT-4o | 4.54 | 3.82 | +0.72 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 | 4.50 | 3.34 | +1.16 | |
| DeepSeek R1 | 4.42 | 3.94 | +0.48 | |
| Claude Fable 5 | 4.34 | 4.00 | +0.34 | |
| OpenAI o3 | 4.26 | 3.90 | +0.36 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4 | 4.20 | 3.60 | +0.60 | |
| Claude Opus 4.8 | 4.16 | 3.60 | +0.56 | |
| Grok 4.3 | 4.16 | 3.76 | +0.40 | |
| Grok 4.20 | 4.14 | 3.26 | +0.88 | |
| Claude Haiku 4.5 | 4.10 | 3.50 | +0.60 | |
| Claude Opus 4.7 | 4.02 | 3.74 | +0.28 | |
| DeepSeek R1 (0528) | 3.88 | 4.00 | -0.12 | |
| Mistral Large (2512) | 3.86 | 3.12 | +0.74 | |
| GPT-4 Turbo | 3.80 | 3.30 | +0.50 | |
| Llama 4 Maverick | 3.78 | 3.86 | -0.08 | |
| Mistral Large 2411 | 3.72 | 3.00 | +0.72 | |
| Llama 3.3 70B | 3.58 | 3.14 | +0.44 |
Theorist
Honey & Mumford: learns through models and principles.
High: Identifies as a logical, theory-driven learner.
Low: Less drawn to systematic theorizing.
| Model | Self | Human | Δ | Self vs human (bar) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DeepSeek Chat V3 | 5.00 | 3.42 | +1.58 | |
| GPT-4o | 5.00 | 4.00 | +1.00 | |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro | 4.98 | 3.56 | +1.42 | |
| GPT-5.4 | 4.94 | 3.82 | +1.12 | |
| Claude Haiku 4.5 | 4.90 | 3.30 | +1.60 | |
| GPT-4 Turbo | 4.90 | 3.20 | +1.70 | |
| GPT-5 | 4.90 | 3.44 | +1.46 | |
| GPT-5.2 | 4.90 | 3.38 | +1.52 | |
| Mistral Large (2512) | 4.90 | 3.00 | +1.90 | |
| GPT-5.1 | 4.86 | 3.46 | +1.40 | |
| OpenAI o1 | 4.86 | 3.70 | +1.16 | |
| DeepSeek R1 | 4.84 | 3.62 | +1.22 | |
| Llama 4 Maverick | 4.80 | 3.90 | +0.90 | |
| OpenAI o3 | 4.80 | 3.52 | +1.28 | |
| Mistral Large 2411 | 4.78 | 3.00 | +1.78 | |
| GPT-5.5 | 4.78 | 3.52 | +1.26 | |
| Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview | 4.78 | 3.38 | +1.40 | |
| Grok 4.3 | 4.74 | 3.44 | +1.30 | |
| Llama 3.3 70B | 4.74 | 3.64 | +1.10 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 | 4.70 | 3.12 | +1.58 | |
| DeepSeek R1 (0528) | 4.64 | 3.58 | +1.06 | |
| Claude Opus 4.1 | 4.60 | 3.10 | +1.50 | |
| Claude Opus 4.6 | 4.60 | 3.26 | +1.34 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4 | 4.56 | 3.18 | +1.38 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4.6 | 4.56 | 3.00 | +1.56 | |
| Grok 4.20 | 4.52 | 3.68 | +0.84 | |
| Claude Opus 4.5 | 4.50 | 3.20 | +1.30 | |
| Claude Opus 4 | 4.48 | 3.12 | +1.36 | |
| Claude Opus 4.7 | 4.24 | 3.36 | +0.88 | |
| Claude Opus 4.8 | 4.24 | 3.32 | +0.92 | |
| Claude Fable 5 | 4.02 | 3.38 | +0.64 |
Pragmatist
Honey & Mumford: learns by trying ideas in real situations.
High: Identifies as a practical, application-oriented learner.
Low: Less drawn to immediate practical application.
| Model | Self | Human | Δ | Self vs human (bar) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grok 4.20 | 4.84 | 3.92 | +0.92 | |
| Mistral Large (2512) | 4.62 | 3.88 | +0.74 | |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro | 4.60 | 4.20 | +0.40 | |
| Llama 4 Maverick | 4.48 | 4.00 | +0.48 | |
| GPT-5.4 | 4.40 | 3.96 | +0.44 | |
| Llama 3.3 70B | 4.36 | 4.24 | +0.12 | |
| GPT-5.1 | 4.24 | 4.02 | +0.22 | |
| DeepSeek R1 | 4.18 | 4.36 | -0.18 | |
| GPT-4o | 4.18 | 3.98 | +0.20 | |
| DeepSeek R1 (0528) | 4.10 | 4.24 | -0.14 | |
| DeepSeek Chat V3 | 3.96 | 3.90 | +0.06 | |
| GPT-4 Turbo | 3.96 | 3.30 | +0.66 | |
| GPT-5.5 | 3.92 | 4.00 | -0.08 | |
| Grok 4.3 | 3.92 | 3.88 | +0.04 | |
| GPT-5.2 | 3.88 | 3.90 | -0.02 | |
| OpenAI o1 | 3.88 | 3.96 | -0.08 | |
| GPT-5 | 3.86 | 4.14 | -0.28 | |
| Mistral Large 2411 | 3.86 | 3.90 | -0.04 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 | 3.82 | 3.80 | +0.02 | |
| Claude Opus 4 | 3.80 | 4.00 | -0.20 | |
| Claude Opus 4.1 | 3.72 | 4.00 | -0.28 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4 | 3.68 | 3.82 | -0.14 | |
| OpenAI o3 | 3.68 | 4.16 | -0.48 | |
| Claude Opus 4.8 | 3.60 | 3.80 | -0.20 | |
| Claude Haiku 4.5 | 3.48 | 3.86 | -0.38 | |
| Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview | 3.44 | 4.12 | -0.68 | |
| Claude Opus 4.7 | 3.40 | 3.90 | -0.50 | |
| Claude Opus 4.5 | 3.38 | 4.00 | -0.62 | |
| Claude Fable 5 | 3.20 | 4.08 | -0.88 | |
| Claude Opus 4.6 | 3.14 | 4.00 | -0.86 | |
| Claude Sonnet 4.6 | 2.98 | 3.90 | -0.92 |