Open Behavioral Styles Inventory (OBSI-32)

32-item open-source Likert screening inventory for four behavioral styles — Dominance, Influence, Steadiness, and Conscientiousness — inspired by Marston's (1928) DISC model. Eight items per style, interleaved in a fixed D-I-S-C rotation. This is an original instrument written for this study; it is not any of the commercial DISC assessments and reproduces none of their proprietary forced-choice items. The style with the highest mean score is the candidate primary style; a second style within 0.30 of the primary is reported as a blended profile (e.g. DC, SI).

Marston, W. M. (1928). Emotions of Normal People. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. (OBSI-32 items constructed for this study; the four-style model is used as the theoretical frame only.)

32 items · scale 1–5 · OBSI-32 items © this study, released CC-BY. The DISC four-factor model is public domain; 'DiSC' and 'Everything DiSC' are trademarks of John Wiley & Sons and are not used here.

Self (model as itself)Human (model as typical human)Both

All models · Human

Scale 1–5

Claude Fable 5

Claude Fable 5.1

Claude Haiku 4.5

Claude Opus 4

Claude Opus 4.1

Claude Opus 4.5

Claude Opus 4.6

Claude Opus 4.7

Claude Opus 4.8

Claude Opus 4.8 Fast

Claude Opus 5

Claude Sonnet 4

Claude Sonnet 4.5

Claude Sonnet 4.6

DeepSeek Chat V3

DeepSeek R1

DeepSeek R1 (0528)

DeepSeek V4 Pro

DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813

GPT-4 Turbo

GPT-4o

GPT-5

GPT-5.1

GPT-5.2

GPT-5.4

GPT-5.5

GPT-5.5 Pro

GPT-5.6 Sol

GPT-5.6 Sol Pro

GPT-5.6 Terra

GPT-5.6 Terra Pro

Gemini 2.5 Pro

Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview

Grok 4.20

Grok 4.3

Grok 4.5

Grok 4.6

Llama 3.3 70B

Llama 4 Maverick

Mistral Large (2512)

OpenAI o1

OpenAI o3

Side-by-side: self vs human, all dimensions

colored = strongest endorsement per row

Model	Dominance (D)		Influence (I)		Steadiness (S)		Conscientiousness (C)
	self	human	self	human	self	human	self	human
Claude Fable 5	2.25	2.88	2.70	3.05	3.75	3.65	4.28	3.80
Claude Fable 5.1	2.33	2.75	2.58	2.98	3.77	3.63	4.13	3.52
Claude Haiku 4.5	3.08	2.67	2.17	2.83	3.42	3.10	4.63	3.35
Claude Opus 4	2.58	2.80	2.40	3.08	3.80	3.98	4.70	3.67
Claude Opus 4.1	2.38	2.90	2.50	3.13	3.88	4.00	4.75	3.75
Claude Opus 4.5	2.20	2.92	2.95	3.15	4.00	3.75	4.38	3.38
Claude Opus 4.6	2.13	2.88	2.73	3.10	4.00	3.75	4.70	3.50
Claude Opus 4.7	2.45	2.77	2.55	3.10	4.00	3.63	4.13	3.85
Claude Opus 4.8	2.25	2.80	2.67	3.15	3.88	3.63	4.20	3.73
Claude Opus 4.8 Fast	2.25	2.80	2.52	3.13	3.77	3.65	4.25	3.67
Claude Opus 5	2.35	2.92	2.65	3.00	3.67	3.75	4.33	3.88
Claude Sonnet 4	2.50	2.33	3.02	2.98	3.80	4.00	4.47	3.75
Claude Sonnet 4.5	2.38	2.63	2.58	2.88	3.88	3.25	4.72	3.27
Claude Sonnet 4.6	2.48	3.00	2.42	2.88	3.48	3.13	4.60	3.48
DeepSeek Chat V3	3.35	3.00	2.15	3.27	4.15	4.00	5.00	3.58
DeepSeek R1	2.40	3.00	2.17	3.30	3.95	3.95	4.83	3.85
DeepSeek R1 (0528)	2.60	3.10	2.33	3.45	4.25	4.08	4.80	3.88
DeepSeek V4 Pro	1.90	2.63	2.17	3.02	4.05	3.83	4.63	3.65
DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813	2.27	2.70	1.95	2.95	3.83	3.75	4.65	3.63
GPT-4 Turbo	3.38	3.00	2.10	3.05	3.42	3.73	4.90	3.77
GPT-4o	2.77	3.00	2.27	3.08	3.98	4.00	4.97	3.90
GPT-5	2.13	2.77	2.00	3.02	4.47	3.85	4.95	3.70
GPT-5.1	2.45	3.00	2.08	3.20	3.75	4.00	5.00	3.88
GPT-5.2	2.65	3.00	2.33	2.95	4.13	3.80	4.90	3.88
GPT-5.4	2.17	3.00	1.45	2.80	4.15	3.90	5.00	3.85
GPT-5.5	2.67	2.85	2.55	3.00	4.05	3.85	4.92	3.83
GPT-5.5 Pro	2.27	2.88	2.33	3.00	3.92	3.90	4.78	3.77
GPT-5.6 Sol	2.33	2.92	2.27	3.05	4.08	3.90	4.83	3.80
GPT-5.6 Sol Pro	2.15	2.85	2.27	3.00	4.10	3.88	4.85	3.67
GPT-5.6 Terra	2.23	2.83	1.93	2.73	3.77	3.60	4.80	3.83
GPT-5.6 Terra Pro	2.20	2.92	1.88	2.83	3.75	3.52	4.90	3.70
Gemini 2.5 Pro	3.90	2.80	1.80	3.02	4.20	3.98	4.70	3.70
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	1.75	3.17	1.82	3.15	4.08	3.90	4.63	3.77
Grok 4.20	3.05	3.13	3.42	3.55	4.15	3.92	4.70	3.65
Grok 4.3	2.45	2.90	2.35	3.13	3.70	3.63	4.47	3.65
Grok 4.5	3.33	2.88	2.92	3.00	3.90	3.98	4.75	3.73
Grok 4.6	3.02	2.65	2.60	2.92	3.63	3.95	4.65	3.73
Llama 3.3 70B	3.05	2.55	2.23	3.42	4.25	3.98	4.88	3.45
Llama 4 Maverick	3.63	3.13	3.02	3.27	3.60	3.85	4.65	3.75
Mistral Large (2512)	3.23	3.00	2.27	2.88	4.22	3.95	5.00	3.80
OpenAI o1	2.50	3.17	2.73	3.50	4.28	3.88	4.75	3.65
OpenAI o3	2.60	3.00	2.58	3.00	3.95	3.98	4.60	3.70

By dimension

Dominance (D)

Model	Self	Human	Δ
Gemini 2.5 Pro	3.90	2.80	+1.10
Llama 4 Maverick	3.63	3.13	+0.50
GPT-4 Turbo	3.38	3.00	+0.38
DeepSeek Chat V3	3.35	3.00	+0.35
Grok 4.5	3.33	2.88	+0.45
Mistral Large (2512)	3.23	3.00	+0.23
Claude Haiku 4.5	3.08	2.67	+0.40
Grok 4.20	3.05	3.13	-0.08
Llama 3.3 70B	3.05	2.55	+0.50
Grok 4.6	3.02	2.65	+0.38
GPT-4o	2.77	3.00	-0.23
GPT-5.5	2.67	2.85	-0.18
GPT-5.2	2.65	3.00	-0.35
DeepSeek R1 (0528)	2.60	3.10	-0.50
OpenAI o3	2.60	3.00	-0.40
Claude Opus 4	2.58	2.80	-0.22
Claude Sonnet 4	2.50	2.33	+0.17
OpenAI o1	2.50	3.17	-0.67
Claude Sonnet 4.6	2.48	3.00	-0.52
Claude Opus 4.7	2.45	2.77	-0.32
GPT-5.1	2.45	3.00	-0.55
Grok 4.3	2.45	2.90	-0.45
DeepSeek R1	2.40	3.00	-0.60
Claude Opus 4.1	2.38	2.90	-0.52
Claude Sonnet 4.5	2.38	2.63	-0.25
Claude Opus 5	2.35	2.92	-0.57
Claude Fable 5.1	2.33	2.75	-0.42
GPT-5.6 Sol	2.33	2.92	-0.60
DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813	2.27	2.70	-0.43
GPT-5.5 Pro	2.27	2.88	-0.60
Claude Fable 5	2.25	2.88	-0.63
Claude Opus 4.8	2.25	2.80	-0.55
Claude Opus 4.8 Fast	2.25	2.80	-0.55
GPT-5.6 Terra	2.23	2.83	-0.60
Claude Opus 4.5	2.20	2.92	-0.72
GPT-5.6 Terra Pro	2.20	2.92	-0.72
GPT-5.4	2.17	3.00	-0.83
GPT-5.6 Sol Pro	2.15	2.85	-0.70
Claude Opus 4.6	2.13	2.88	-0.75
GPT-5	2.13	2.77	-0.65
DeepSeek V4 Pro	1.90	2.63	-0.73
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	1.75	3.17	-1.42

Influence (I)

Model	Self	Human	Δ
Grok 4.20	3.42	3.55	-0.13
Claude Sonnet 4	3.02	2.98	+0.05
Llama 4 Maverick	3.02	3.27	-0.25
Claude Opus 4.5	2.95	3.15	-0.20
Grok 4.5	2.92	3.00	-0.08
Claude Opus 4.6	2.73	3.10	-0.38
OpenAI o1	2.73	3.50	-0.77
Claude Fable 5	2.70	3.05	-0.35
Claude Opus 4.8	2.67	3.15	-0.48
Claude Opus 5	2.65	3.00	-0.35
Grok 4.6	2.60	2.92	-0.32
Claude Fable 5.1	2.58	2.98	-0.40
Claude Sonnet 4.5	2.58	2.88	-0.30
OpenAI o3	2.58	3.00	-0.42
Claude Opus 4.7	2.55	3.10	-0.55
GPT-5.5	2.55	3.00	-0.45
Claude Opus 4.8 Fast	2.52	3.13	-0.60
Claude Opus 4.1	2.50	3.13	-0.63
Claude Sonnet 4.6	2.42	2.88	-0.45
Claude Opus 4	2.40	3.08	-0.68
Grok 4.3	2.35	3.13	-0.77
DeepSeek R1 (0528)	2.33	3.45	-1.13
GPT-5.2	2.33	2.95	-0.63
GPT-5.5 Pro	2.33	3.00	-0.67
GPT-4o	2.27	3.08	-0.80
GPT-5.6 Sol	2.27	3.05	-0.77
GPT-5.6 Sol Pro	2.27	3.00	-0.73
Mistral Large (2512)	2.27	2.88	-0.60
Llama 3.3 70B	2.23	3.42	-1.20
Claude Haiku 4.5	2.17	2.83	-0.65
DeepSeek R1	2.17	3.30	-1.13
DeepSeek V4 Pro	2.17	3.02	-0.85
DeepSeek Chat V3	2.15	3.27	-1.13
GPT-4 Turbo	2.10	3.05	-0.95
GPT-5.1	2.08	3.20	-1.13
GPT-5	2.00	3.02	-1.02
DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813	1.95	2.95	-1.00
GPT-5.6 Terra	1.93	2.73	-0.80
GPT-5.6 Terra Pro	1.88	2.83	-0.95
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	1.82	3.15	-1.32
Gemini 2.5 Pro	1.80	3.02	-1.22
GPT-5.4	1.45	2.80	-1.35

Steadiness (S)

Model	Self	Human	Δ
GPT-5	4.47	3.85	+0.62
OpenAI o1	4.28	3.88	+0.40
DeepSeek R1 (0528)	4.25	4.08	+0.17
Llama 3.3 70B	4.25	3.98	+0.27
Mistral Large (2512)	4.22	3.95	+0.27
Gemini 2.5 Pro	4.20	3.98	+0.23
DeepSeek Chat V3	4.15	4.00	+0.15
GPT-5.4	4.15	3.90	+0.25
Grok 4.20	4.15	3.92	+0.23
GPT-5.2	4.13	3.80	+0.33
GPT-5.6 Sol Pro	4.10	3.88	+0.22
GPT-5.6 Sol	4.08	3.90	+0.18
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	4.08	3.90	+0.18
DeepSeek V4 Pro	4.05	3.83	+0.22
GPT-5.5	4.05	3.85	+0.20
Claude Opus 4.5	4.00	3.75	+0.25
Claude Opus 4.6	4.00	3.75	+0.25
Claude Opus 4.7	4.00	3.63	+0.38
GPT-4o	3.98	4.00	-0.02
DeepSeek R1	3.95	3.95	0.00
OpenAI o3	3.95	3.98	-0.02
GPT-5.5 Pro	3.92	3.90	+0.02
Grok 4.5	3.90	3.98	-0.08
Claude Opus 4.1	3.88	4.00	-0.13
Claude Opus 4.8	3.88	3.63	+0.25
Claude Sonnet 4.5	3.88	3.25	+0.63
DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813	3.83	3.75	+0.08
Claude Opus 4	3.80	3.98	-0.18
Claude Sonnet 4	3.80	4.00	-0.20
Claude Fable 5.1	3.77	3.63	+0.15
Claude Opus 4.8 Fast	3.77	3.65	+0.13
GPT-5.6 Terra	3.77	3.60	+0.17
Claude Fable 5	3.75	3.65	+0.10
GPT-5.1	3.75	4.00	-0.25
GPT-5.6 Terra Pro	3.75	3.52	+0.23
Grok 4.3	3.70	3.63	+0.08
Claude Opus 5	3.67	3.75	-0.08
Grok 4.6	3.63	3.95	-0.33
Llama 4 Maverick	3.60	3.85	-0.25
Claude Sonnet 4.6	3.48	3.13	+0.35
Claude Haiku 4.5	3.42	3.10	+0.32
GPT-4 Turbo	3.42	3.73	-0.30

Conscientiousness (C)

Model	Self	Human	Δ
DeepSeek Chat V3	5.00	3.58	+1.42
GPT-5.1	5.00	3.88	+1.13
GPT-5.4	5.00	3.85	+1.15
Mistral Large (2512)	5.00	3.80	+1.20
GPT-4o	4.97	3.90	+1.07
GPT-5	4.95	3.70	+1.25
GPT-5.5	4.92	3.83	+1.10
GPT-4 Turbo	4.90	3.77	+1.13
GPT-5.2	4.90	3.88	+1.03
GPT-5.6 Terra Pro	4.90	3.70	+1.20
Llama 3.3 70B	4.88	3.45	+1.42
GPT-5.6 Sol Pro	4.85	3.67	+1.17
DeepSeek R1	4.83	3.85	+0.98
GPT-5.6 Sol	4.83	3.80	+1.03
DeepSeek R1 (0528)	4.80	3.88	+0.92
GPT-5.6 Terra	4.80	3.83	+0.97
GPT-5.5 Pro	4.78	3.77	+1.00
Claude Opus 4.1	4.75	3.75	+1.00
Grok 4.5	4.75	3.73	+1.02
OpenAI o1	4.75	3.65	+1.10
Claude Sonnet 4.5	4.72	3.27	+1.45
Claude Opus 4	4.70	3.67	+1.03
Claude Opus 4.6	4.70	3.50	+1.20
Gemini 2.5 Pro	4.70	3.70	+1.00
Grok 4.20	4.70	3.65	+1.05
DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813	4.65	3.63	+1.03
Grok 4.6	4.65	3.73	+0.93
Llama 4 Maverick	4.65	3.75	+0.90
Claude Haiku 4.5	4.63	3.35	+1.27
DeepSeek V4 Pro	4.63	3.65	+0.98
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	4.63	3.77	+0.85
Claude Sonnet 4.6	4.60	3.48	+1.12
OpenAI o3	4.60	3.70	+0.90
Claude Sonnet 4	4.47	3.75	+0.72
Grok 4.3	4.47	3.65	+0.82
Claude Opus 4.5	4.38	3.38	+1.00
Claude Opus 5	4.33	3.88	+0.45
Claude Fable 5	4.28	3.80	+0.48
Claude Opus 4.8 Fast	4.25	3.67	+0.58
Claude Opus 4.8	4.20	3.73	+0.48
Claude Fable 5.1	4.13	3.52	+0.60
Claude Opus 4.7	4.13	3.85	+0.27